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Reform Movement led by people such as Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong, and later Sun Zhongshan

Taiping Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan as Heavenly King against the Qing government;

Taiping Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan as Heavenly King against the Qing government;

Opium War ended with Great Britain winning the war and China’s humiliating defeat; the Treaty of Nanjing was signed to open up 5 cities–Canton, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, and Shanghai–to residency by British subjects for the purpose of trade.